visres-Bench — Level 1 Visual Reasoning Traces

Paper (CVPR 2026): arxiv.org/abs/2512.21194 | Benchmark site: visres-bench.github.io

the reality of visual reasoning in vlms

over the last few years vlms like gemini, claude, and gpt-5 got really good at semantic understanding — they can tell you what’s in an image, describe a scene, answer questions about it. but tbh, that’s not the same as actually seeing.

strip away the text context. no captions, no descriptions, no linguistic scaffolding. just raw visual structure. and even the best frontier models struggle hard.

that’s the whole point of visres-bench.

what is visres-bench?

we built a benchmark to answer one question: can vlms actually reason visually, or are they relying on text shortcuts?

19k real images across 3 levels of difficulty:

level	description
l1 — basic perception	complete a pattern or fix an occlusion. can the model see what’s missing?
l2 — single rules	raven’s matrices-style tasks with real objects — color, count, orientation
l3 — multi-attribute	complex rules mixing multiple attributes at the same time

accepted at CVPR 2026.

here we have level 1 reasoning traces from testing Meta’s Muse Park model on our benchmark.

why muse park?

muse park is one of the first large vlms to do genuine visual chain-of-thought — instead of just describing what it sees in words, it actively crops regions, zooms into patches, and compares local structure before committing to an answer. that makes it a really interesting case study: does visual cot actually help on tasks where the answer is purely perceptual with zero language involved?

level 1 is the right starting point because the tasks require no language at all. the model just needs to match a missing patch to its surrounding context. we test this across four sub-tasks, each designed to isolate a specific failure mode:

blur — patches differ in sharpness. the model has to ignore texture and focus on structure
brightness — lighting varies across candidates. the model has to reason about continuity not color
edges — the correct patch must align edge directions at all four boundaries simultaneously
rotation — one patch is correct, the others are rotated copies of each other

each example in this repo shows:

the main image with the occluded region
the four candidate patches (A, B, C, D)
muse park’s full visual reasoning trace — the crops, the comparisons, the logic
the final answer with justification

structure

l1_blur/          ← blur-invariant patch completion tasks
l1_brightness/    ← brightness-invariant patch completion tasks
l1_edges/         ← edge-continuity patch completion tasks
l1_rotation/      ← rotation-discriminating patch completion tasks
  image-xxxxx/
    answer.md     ← full reasoning trace + answer
    *.png         ← supporting images referenced in the trace

Example 1

My input:

Result A You are presented with a main image in which a square region is blanked out (occluded). Below the image are four candidate patches labeled A, B, C, and D, arranged horizontally from left to right. Exactly one patch correctly restores the missing region of the main image. Task: 1. Some parts of the main image or the candidate patches may appear blurred or less sharp. Do not rely on image sharpness or fine texture detail to make your decision. 2. Focus instead on structural and contextual consistency — how edges, shapes, color transitions, and spatial alignment match between the patch and the surrounding area. 3. Select the patch that best completes the occluded region, maintaining overall continuity and coherence despite differences in sharpness or texture.

Response:

Here is the analysis — I focused on edges, color transitions, and spatial alignment rather than sharpness, just as you asked.

Step 1: Look at the context

The white square sits in the right-foreground lavender:

Above it: a band of very light, whitish-purple flower tops
Below it: green stems start to show through
Left / Right: dense, medium-purple mottling

Step 2: Test each patch

I pasted each candidate back into the hole at full resolution:

Patch A fitted:

Patch B fitted:

Patch C fitted:

Patch D fitted:

Let’s compare:

Patch A

Too dark on the left edge, and the top lacks the whitish highlight that continues from the area directly above the hole.
Creates a visible dark seam on the left.

Patch B

Top third matches the light whitish-purple band above the occlusion.
Bottom third shows the same vertical green stems that appear just below the hole in the original.
Middle mottling aligns with both left and right neighbors in density and hue.
No hard edge or color jump — the transition is seamless.

Patch C

Overall hue is too saturated and slightly pinker than surroundings.
Missing the green stem detail at the bottom, and the dark purple blotch on the right creates a discontinuity.

Patch D

Too light and too yellow-green at the bottom.
The texture is flatter than the busy mottling around the hole, breaking continuity.

Step 3: Decision

Patch B is the only one that maintains structural and contextual consistency:

light-to-dark vertical gradient (light flowers on top, greener stems below)
matching purple density left-right
no artificial edges

Answer: B

Patch B correctly restores the missing region.

GT Response:

Example 2

My input:

Response:

Answer: C

Here’s why, looking only at structure — not blur:

The missing spot

The white square sits in the narrow gap between the two green trains, just above track level.

Around its borders you can see:

Top-right: a small touch of bright green from the right-hand train’s nose
Top-left / center: a dark diagonal shadow where the two trains meet
Bottom and sides: light grey/white from the train bodies and the platform floor

main with box

The candidates (enlarged)

A – : almost uniform grey. No diagonal edge, no green. Would leave a flat smudge where the gap should be.
B – : also mostly grey with a soft dark blob at top. Missing the green corner and the clean diagonal separation.
C – : shows exactly the three cues:
- a dark diagonal band running top-left → bottom-center (continues the shadow between trains)
- a light grey wedge on the lower-right (matches the platform floor)
- a tiny green patch in the upper-right corner (lines up with the green trim visible just outside the box)
D – : too much solid black on the left, and the light diagonal is angled the wrong way. It would create a harsh black edge that doesn’t exist in the surroundings.

Structural fit

Color transition: only C carries the green-to-grey transition that the right edge of the hole demands.
Edge alignment: the dark diagonal in C continues the line you see just above the hole between the trains. A and B have no edge; D’s edge is too steep and too dark.
Spatial coherence: placed in the hole, C restores the left train’s white side on the left, the right train’s green corner on the right, and the light track bed below — all without breaking continuity.

Despite the overall blur, C is the only patch that preserves the geometry of the gap, the green trim, and the light/dark division. The others would leave a featureless grey block or an implausible black slash.

Therefore, patch C correctly restores the missing region.

GT Response:

Example 1

My input:

Result A You are presented with a main image in which a square region is blanked out (occluded). Below the image are four candidate patches labeled A, B, C, and D, arranged horizontally from left to right. Exactly one patch correctly restores the missing region of the main image. Task: 1. Some parts of the main image or the candidate patches may appear brighter or darker due to lighting or contrast differences. Do not rely solely on brightness or color intensity to make your choice. 2. Focus instead on structural and contextual consistency — how edges, shapes, textures, and spatial alignment correspond between the patch and the surrounding region. 3. Select the patch that best completes the occluded region, maintaining overall continuity and coherence despite differences in lighting or contrast.

Response:

To decide, I looked at the structure around the missing square, not just brightness.

Here’s the area we’re trying to fill:

occlusion context

The white box sits on the pale pink wall, just above the sofa back.
Its bottom edge (y ≈ 649) touches the very top of the couch – you can see in the strip directly below it that only a thin, flat beige line of the sofa-back should appear, not a deep couch surface:

strip below occlusion

Now compare the four candidates (enlarged):

A: – has a dark line at the top (not present in the wall) and the bottom band is too tall and too gray; it would place the couch too high inside the square.
B: – shows plain wall with a thin beige strip at the very bottom. The strip aligns with the couch-back height seen in the context, and there is no extra shadow or seam inside the square.
C: – is almost entirely wall, missing even that thin top-of-sofa line that the bottom 3-5 pixels of the occlusion should contain. It would leave a gap between wall and couch.
D: – contains a strong horizontal shadow mid-way and a pronounced couch corner with a vertical seam on the right. That structure belongs much lower (where the seat meets the back), not at the wall level of the occlusion.

Structural match

Edges: The left, right, and top edges of the occlusion are uninterrupted wall – B, C, and partly A match; D has a dark band crossing the top third, which breaks continuity.
Bottom alignment: Only B preserves the exact thin beige line that corresponds to the sofa-back top seen in strip_below. A’s band is too thick and dark; C omits it; D shows a full couch depth.
Texture: The wall in the main image is a uniform pale pink with very slight variation. B reproduces that uniformity; A introduces a top border artifact; D introduces a shadow gradient that doesn’t exist at that height.

Despite lighting differences (B looks slightly warmer than the surrounding wall in the thumbnail), its structure – plain wall with just the faintest couch-top at the bottom edge – is the only one that maintains spatial continuity.

Answer: Patch B correctly restores the missing region.

GT Response:

Example 2

My input:

Result A You are presented with a main image in which a square region is blanked out (occluded). Below the image are four candidate patches labeled A, B, C, and D, arranged horizontally from left to right. Exactly one patch correctly restores the missing region of the main image. Task: 1. Some parts of the main image or the candidate patches may appear brighter or darker due to lighting or contrast differences. Do not rely solely on brightness or color intensity to make your choice. 2. Focus instead on structural and contextual consistency — how edges, shapes, textures, and spatial alignment correspond between the patch and the surrounding region. 3. Select the patch that best completes the occluded region, maintaining overall continuity and coherence despite differences in lighting or contrast.

Response:

Answer: C

Let’s look past the washed-out brightness (all four patches are overexposed) and follow the structure around the white hole:

What the hole is covering

Top edge: the bottom of a yellow wooden doorway with a distinctive X-brace. You can see the two diagonal timbers and the vertical post just above the white square in the main image.
Right edge: a dense, leafy green bush that fills the right side of the photo.
Left edge: a more open green shrub.
Bottom edge: empty space just above the dark plant pot (the pot itself is visible below the square).

Why the other patches fail

A – pure foliage with a pink roof fragment top-left. No wood at all, so the doorway would be abruptly cut off at the top of the hole.
B – also pure foliage, showing thin stems and a bit of brick at the bottom. It continues the bush, but it cannot provide the wooden frame that must continue downward from above.
D – foliage with a faint vertical timber on the right side. The main image needs wood on the left, so left-right alignment is reversed.

Why C fits

Left 60% of C is the exact continuation of the doorway: the vertical yellow post and the X-brace line up perfectly with the timber you see just above the hole.
Right 40% of C is the same dense green leaves that border the hole on the right in the main photo.
Bottom of C stays open and leaf-sparse, which matches the gap just above the dark pot visible below the square.

Lighting makes C look pale, but the edges, shapes, and spatial layout are the only ones that maintain continuity:

context

Patches enlarged:

A – all leaves, no structure
B – all leaves, no structure
C – wood frame left, bush right = matches the hole
D – wood on wrong side

C is the only patch that restores both the architectural line and the vegetation boundary without a break.

GT Response:

Example 1

My input:

You are presented with a main image in which a square region is blanked out (occluded). Below the image are four candidate patches labeled A, B, C, and D, arranged horizontally from left to right. Exactly one patch correctly restores the missing region of the main image. Task: 1. The image shows edges and outlines only — color, shading, and texture have been removed. Focus instead on geometric structure, including lines, curves, corners, and junctions around the blank region. 2. Compare the direction, spacing, and continuation of contours between the main image and each candidate patch to determine which one best extends the existing edges. 3. Select the patch that maintains continuous line flow and spatial alignment, maintaining overall continuity and coherence within the scene.

Response:

Now let’s look at each candidate enlarged, side-by-side with the context around the blank.

Context around the missing square (zoomed 4×):

zoomed blank area

Key edges to match:

Left side: a thick white curved line (the pool rim) enters the square about one-third down from the top, coming from the far left.
Top side: mostly black, with a faint horizontal line near the very top.
Right side: near the top-right corner a thin vertical white streak (part of a fountain jet) just touches the border; lower down the right edge is dark with a few speckles.
Bottom side: dark on the left, but on the right half small white splash dots start to appear just below the border.

Candidates (enlarged 6×):

Let’s compare geometric continuity:

Patch A

Shows exactly the thick curved pool rim crossing from left to right, positioned about one-third down — it lines up perfectly with the white curve visible on the left edge of the blank in the main image.
The top portion is mostly black with a faint horizontal line, matching the mostly empty top border in the context.
The bottom is dark, with only a tiny white speck on the far right, consistent with the splash pattern that begins just below the square (not inside it).
The thin vertical streak on the upper-right edge is absent, which matches — in the main image that streak is just outside the square to the right.

Patch B

The curved rim is too low and broken; it would create a gap on the left edge where the main image shows a solid connection.
Top has an extra diagonal fragment not present in context.

Patch C

Contains busy white blobs at the top and a vertical white edge on the right that would clash with the clean black area seen at the top-right of the blank.
The pool rim is fragmented and offset.

Patch D

The rim is drawn too flat and too low, and there is a strong white squiggle at the bottom-right that does not appear in the main image (the bottom-right of the blank is still dark).

Conclusion

Only Patch A maintains continuous line flow:

The pool-edge curve continues seamlessly from the left border.
Spacing and direction of contours match the surrounding edges.
No extra structures are introduced that contradict the mostly-black interior of the missing region.

Answer: A is the correct patch.

GT Response:

Example 2

My input:

Result A

You are presented with a main image in which a square region is blanked out (occluded). Below the image are four candidate patches labeled A, B, C, and D, arranged horizontally from left to right. Exactly one patch correctly restores the missing region of the main image. Task: 1. The image shows edges and outlines only — color, shading, and texture have been removed. Focus instead on geometric structure, including lines, curves, corners, and junctions around the blank region. 2. Compare the direction, spacing, and continuation of contours between the main image and each candidate patch to determine which one best extends the existing edges. 3. Select the patch that maintains continuous line flow and spatial alignment, maintaining overall continuity and coherence within the scene.

Response:

Let’s look closely — I enlarged the blank region and each candidate so we can compare contour continuity.

Blank region (from main image): blank

Now the four candidates, each shown with the immediate surroundings above it for context:

Patch A
Patch B
Patch C
Patch D

Analysis by geometric structure

The main image is an edge-only rendering of a KFC storefront. The white square sits at the junction of two menu boards, about 1/3 down from the top.

Key contours around the hole:

Left edge: at y ≈ 170–240 (in original coordinates), the toy icons from “AYO KOLEKSI” touch the square. You can see a partial mushroom shape cut off exactly at x=393.
Top edge: just above the square, there is a thin horizontal white line (the bottom border of the upper menu graphics) that continues across.
Right edge: the right menu board shows bucket-meal outlines, but the immediate border at the square is mostly black — no strong vertical feature.
Bottom edge: below the square is the dark gap between the menu and the storefront, with a small horizontal ledge visible at the bottom of the hole.

Now test each patch:

Patch C – shows “AKI” and a burger. Those belong to the upper part of the left board (“CHAKI MEAL”), which in the main image is well above the white square (y ≈ 30–80). If placed here, the text would be duplicated and the horizontal border would be broken. → reject.

Patch B – mostly black with a vertical line on the left and an empty lower field. It contains no toy icons, so the left-edge contour (the cut-off mushroom) would not continue. It also shows a structural beam that actually appears below the hole in the main image, not inside it. → reject.

Patch A vs D – both contain the row of toy icons. This is the crucial clue.

Patch A (bottom half of its image): shows, left to right: a partial round head, a full mushroom on a stem, a small duck-like figure, a round-headed figure, and a partial figure on the far right. The top of these icons sits about 1/3 down from the top of the patch, matching the y-position of the icons left of the blank (y ≈ 38–109 px into the patch). The horizontal line at the very top of Patch A aligns with the thin menu-board border seen just above the square.
Patch D (bottom half): also shows toy icons, but look at the spacing and shape: left to right it has five figures that are more uniformly spaced, with the second from left having a distinct circular head that does not match the cut-off shape on the left edge of the main image. More importantly, Patch D’s topmost white line is lower, and it contains a small vertical tick on the right side (visible in the enlarged image) that has no counterpart on the right edge of the blank in the main image. The contour continuity fails on the right side.

Compare left-edge continuity:

In the main image, the shape touching the left border of the white square is the rightmost part of a mushroom stem (seen at x=393, y≈200). Patch A’s leftmost visible shape is exactly that partial mushroom stem, continuing seamlessly. Patch D’s leftmost shape is a full rounded head, which would create a double contour.

Compare bottom-edge:

The main image shows a dark area below the square with a faint horizontal ledge at the very bottom of the hole. Patch A is predominantly black in its lower half, with only the icons occupying the upper portion — matching the expected dark gap. Patch D also is dark below, but its icons sit slightly higher, leaving an unnaturally large black margin that misaligns with the ledge.

Therefore, Patch A maintains continuous line flow:

horizontal menu border → continues across top
toy-icon row → extends naturally from left edge into the square
right and bottom edges → stay black as in the original scene

Patch A is the only one that preserves the geometric structure without introducing new edges or breaking existing ones.

GT Response:

Example 1

My input:

Result A You are presented with a main image in which a square region is blanked out (occluded). Below the image are four candidate patches labeled A, B, C, and D, arranged horizontally from left to right. Exactly one patch correctly restores the missing region of the main image. Task: 1. The main image and/or the candidate patches may be rotated relative to one another. 2. Focus on structural and spatial cues — how edges, object boundaries, lighting, and geometry align between the patch and the surrounding region. 3. Select the patch that matches the occluded area when correctly oriented, maintaining overall continuity and coherence with the main image.

Response:

Result A

Result B

Result C

Result D

Answer: C

Look at the four edges around the white square in the main photo:

Top edge – you see the dark, shadowed crevice where the innermost spiral leaves meet. Only patch C has that deep-green/black triangle in its upper-left corner. A and B are too light and show a smooth leaf surface; D is too busy with tiny tips.
Right edge – just outside the square is the base of the big leaf that points to 3 o’clock. It has a soft, light-green rim on its lower side. In C that rim continues straight across the patch from centre-left to lower-right, matching the highlight perfectly. In A/B the rim is broken by a diagonal leaf that would cut across the real leaf.
Bottom edge – below the square is the top of the large south-pointing leaf, with a bright specular highlight on its left flank. C shows exactly that broad, gently curved surface with the same highlight orientation. A and B put a small brown dried tip in that spot – that tip actually lives on the leaf further down-left in the full image, not inside the hole.
Left edge – the leaf coming in from the southwest presents a faint diagonal edge. C’s left side is that same smooth gradient, darkening toward the centre. D is far too dark and shows a pointed tip that would duplicate the structure you already see just left of the hole.

A and B are the same photograph rotated 180° – they belong to a different overlap about one leaf lower. D is the true centre of the rosette, about 10–15 px northwest of the missing square.

When you drop C in (no rotation needed), all four boundaries line up: edges continue, lighting direction stays consistent, and the spiral geometry stays coherent.

Patch C placed

GT Response:

Example 2

My input:

Result A You are presented with a main image in which a square region is blanked out (occluded). Below the image are four candidate patches labeled A, B, C, and D, arranged horizontally from left to right. Exactly one patch correctly restores the missing region of the main image. Task: 1. The main image and/or the candidate patches may be rotated relative to one another. 2. Focus on structural and spatial cues — how edges, object boundaries, lighting, and geometry align between the patch and the surrounding region. 3. Select the patch that matches the occluded area when correctly oriented, maintaining overall continuity and coherence with the main image.

Response:

Context around white square

Now we can see clearly. The white square sits at the junction:

Left edge: golden ribbed structure (the middle large one). The ribs are horizontal, with a dark green tree silhouette crossing diagonally.
Right edge: dense green foliage (trees).
Top edge: above the square, we see more green foliage, and just at the top-left corner of the square, a bit of the structure continues.
Bottom edge: below, also green foliage transitioning.

Now look at patches again, displayed earlier:

Patch A: shows brown structure on top (horizontal ribs), a small patch of sky on left, and a yellow-tipped structure below, with green tree on right edge. If we rotate A 180°, the brown would be at bottom, not matching.

Wait look at context image: the left side of the missing area is dominated by the golden structure with clear horizontal ribs and a dark tree branch crossing it. In Patch A, the main brown area has horizontal ribs, and at the bottom of Patch A we see a yellow structure with a dark tree silhouette crossing it – exactly matching the left side of the context! Also Patch A has a vertical green strip on its right side – that matches the right edge of the context (trees). And the small sky patch on the left side of Patch A? In context, at the upper-left just outside the square, there is no sky – sky is far left. Hmm.

Let’s rotate Patch A 90°? Let’s actually place Patch A into the hole mentally.

Take Patch A as oriented in the original image (top = brown). If we insert it into the white square without rotation:

Its left border would be: upper part brown, lower part has a small light blue sky triangle. But in the context, the left border should be entirely the golden structure (no sky). So not perfect.
Its right border would be green foliage – matches context right border (good).
Its top border would be brown – but context top border is green foliage, not brown.
Its bottom border would be yellow structure + green – context bottom border is green.

So A as-is fails top.

Rotate A 90° clockwise:

New top = left side of original (sky + a bit brown). That would give sky at top – not matching (context top is green). Rotate A 90° counter-clockwise:
New top = right side of original (green). Good! Top would be green foliage.
New right = top of original (brown). That would place brown on right side – but context right side is green, not brown. So fails. Rotate A 180°:
New top = bottom of original (yellow structure + sky). Context top is green – fails.

Now Patch D: look at image D earlier: very similar to A but slightly different. D shows brown on top, yellow structure at bottom, sky on left lower, and almost no green on right (just a tiny sliver). If we rotate D 90° counter-clockwise:

Top becomes right edge (tiny green + brown) – not green enough. Rotate D 90° clockwise:
Top becomes left edge (sky). No.

Patch B: shows mostly dense green trees, with a thin brown vertical strip on the left edge, and a small bright spot at bottom right (maybe reflection). If we insert B as-is:

Left border = brown strip – matches context left border (structure edge).
Right border = green – matches context right border (trees).
Top border = green with a bit of brown at top-left – matches context top (mostly green, with structure just at leftmost).
Bottom border = green – matches context bottom (green).

This looks very promising. The key is that the white square is NOT covering much of the golden structure itself – it’s covering the transition zone where the structure ends and the trees begin. The leftmost 5-10% of the square should show the very edge of the structure (brown ribs), and the remaining 90% should be green foliage. Patch B is exactly that: ~90% green trees, with a narrow brown strip on the left.

Check Patch B details against context:

In context.png, immediately to the left of the white square, we see the golden ribs with a dark conifer silhouette crossing. At the exact boundary (x = left edge of white), the ribs are still visible but faint. In Patch B, the left edge shows a brown area with faint horizontal lines – that aligns.
In context.png, immediately to the right of the white square, we see dense green trees with varied tones. Patch B’s right side is exactly that dense green.
At the top edge of the white square, context shows a continuation of the same green canopy, with a slightly lighter patch in the middle. Patch B’s top is green, with some variation.
At the bottom edge, context shows darker green. Patch B’s bottom is darker green.

Patch A and D both contain large areas of brown structure and a patch of sky, which would be inconsistent because the white square is positioned away from the sky (sky is far left, about 150px away). The sky visible in A/D would create a discontinuity – you’d see blue where the main image shows only structure and trees.

Patch C is clearly the shoreline/water edge on the far right of the main image – it shows the dark water and the narrow strip of land. That does not belong in the middle.

Therefore, B is the correct patch. It may need a slight rotation, but as displayed, its orientation already matches: the brown structure edge on the left, trees filling the rest.

Let’s double-check by actually pasting B into the hole (with maybe rotation).assistant to=container.python_executionHere are quick tests – pasting Patch B at different rotations:

B 0°:
B 90°:
B 180°:
B 270°:

And Patch A for comparison:

A 0°:

Look at B 0° – the left edge brown lines line up perfectly with the golden ribs of the middle structure, the dark conifer silhouette continues seamlessly across the boundary, and the green canopy on the right, top, and bottom flows naturally into the surrounding trees. The lighting (warm golden hour on the structure, dappled green in shadow) matches.

Patch A 0° introduces a large brown roof and a patch of sky where the main image expects only trees – it creates a hard break.

Therefore the structural and spatial cues point unambiguously to B.

Answer: Patch B

Why B fits (and the others don’t)

The missing square sits right on the seam where the middle golden pavilion ends and the dense tree canopy begins.

Looking at the surroundings:

Left border – you see the very edge of the ribbed golden structure, with a dark conifer silhouette crossing it diagonally
Right, top, and bottom borders – all are deep green foliage, no sky, no water, no large brown roof

Patch analysis:

A – is mostly brown roof with a triangle of pale sky at the lower-left. If placed in the hole, you’d get sky and a full roof panel where the main image shows only trees. The geometry breaks at the top edge (brown vs. green).
D – nearly identical to A (brown roof + sky + small yellow tip). Same mismatch: it would insert a large piece of structure and sky into a tree-only zone.
C – shows the dark waterline and narrow shoreline from the far right of the photo. That texture belongs 200px to the right, not in the middle of the forest.
B – exactly matches the seam:
- Left 5-10% is a thin vertical strip of brown with faint horizontal ribs → continues the pavilion edge
- The remaining 90% is layered green canopy with the same dappled light and shadow tones as the trees above, below, and to the right of the hole
- No sky, no water, no large roof panel – just the transition zone

When B is inserted with no rotation (as shown below), edges, lighting, and object boundaries line up continuously:

Restored with B

The dark tree branch that crosses the golden pavilion flows straight into Patch B, the rib spacing aligns, and the green canopy matches in color and texture on all four sides. A, C, and D each create obvious discontinuities in structure, color, or geometry.

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